John Steinbeck s East Of Eden - 1342 Words

â€Å"Maybe we all have in us a secret pond where evil and ugly things germinate and grow strong. But this culture is fenced, and the swimming brood climbs up only to fall back. Might it not be that in the dark pools of some men the evil grows strong enough to wriggle over the fence and swim free? Would not such a man be our monster, and are we related to him in our hidden water?† (Steinbeck 133). The novel, East of Eden, by John Steinbeck, interprets that every human being since Cain and Abel has struggled with the choice between good and evil. He dramatizes the conflict between wickedness and purity within the Trask family and the main characters of the novel struggle with the inheritance of sin. Cyrus, the father of the Trask family, chooses evil by stealing money during his time in the Army. Charles, succumbs to jealousy of his brother, Adam. Cathy chooses evil at every opportunity she gets by manipulating and wounding others for her own pleasure. Cal, finds out about his family’s history of sin and worries that he will inherit his mother’s evil, yet throughout the novel he is caught in between two choices of purity or wickedness. With his two choices, Cal uses his power of decision to support the novel by connecting wicked with innocence. Genesis chapter four verse one talks about Adam and Eve, who birth two sons by the names of Cain and Able. Able managed the flocks and Cain managed the fruits, which he brought forth as an offering to the Lord. Now Able did the same, butShow MoreRelatedJohn Steinbeck s East Of Eden1087 Words   |  5 Pagesimpression on his sons, John Steinbeck portrays experiences he acquired from his childhood in the novel East of Eden through the characters’ conflicts and actions to encourage them to write their own story not dictated by their roots. Steinbeck admits in Journal of a Novel: The East of Eden Letters that he â€Å"hopes his two young sons will find meaning in life when they grow and acquire the experiences to understand.† Steinbeck s failure to feel accepted, accept his father s failures, and failure toRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s East Of Eden1279 Words   |  6 PagesHistory, is the story among which all literary works are linked to, and this statement is true more than any other in John Steinbeck’s East of Eden. Whether one believes that all stories in the Bible have actually happened or not, at least some concepts of them did. How would a writer arrive at the ideas of two brothers and jealousy of love, without having seen it or felt it before? Yet again, how would these ideas survive for so long, unless many people felt them as well and connected to them. TheRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s East Of Eden1072 Words   |  5 Pages once the illusion is destroyed, it also destroys him. Similarly, John Steinbeck explores the double-edged sword of deception, wielded by both children and adults, in his novel East of Eden. Just as the masks that society wears, multiple characters throughout the story at first originally incapable of committing a sin as great as deceit due to their innocent introductions. Despite this initial virtuosity, Steinbeck’s East of Eden evinces humanity’s contrasting and inherent dependence upon selfishRead MoreRe ligion By John Steinbeck s East Of Eden1379 Words   |  6 PagesReligion is a central theme in John Steinbeck’s East of Eden. Religion constantly appears through the similarities between the Cain and Abel story, the Hebrew word timshel, and the presence of God and Fate in the novel. Throughout the book, the characters struggle with the ideas of good and evil, and choice and freewill. As the story unfolds and progresses, we see the characters deal with these things with religion being the base and the root that the book lays upon. The biblical story of Cain andRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s East Of Eden1742 Words   |  7 PagesI. SUBJECT John Steinbeck’s East of Eden centers on the Trask and Hamilton families in the year 1902 in the Salinas Valley, California. After growing up in Connecticut alongside his brother Charles under the harsh parenting and rejection of his father, Adam Trask seeks to find happiness and peace. He vows to be a better man than his father and feels the rolling valleys of California calling him. One night, Cathy Ames crawls onto the doorstep of Adam and Charles’ home after her boyfriend attemptedRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s East Of Eden893 Words   |  4 PagesA central question raised by John Steinbeck’s East of Eden is whether it is possible to triumph over evil, answered by the discussion of free will and inherited sin. The idea of â€Å"timshel† is canvassed through the struggles of Caleb â€Å"Cal† Trask. The concept of inherited sin is illustrated through the actions of Cyrus Trask, Charles Trask, and Cathy/Kate Trask. Although Cal is seemingly â€Å"born† into evil, he struggles against what he sees as his inherited evil from his mother and is eventually ableRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s East Of Eden1763 Words   |  8 PagesEast of Eden, written by John Steinbeck, is a profound, complicated retelling of the biblical story of Cain and Abel, focused around the overall struggle between good and evil . John Steinbeck wrote this for his own sons, John and Tom, to show them not only the history of their family in the Hamiltons, but also the concept of sibling rivalry emerging from the competition over paternal love and acceptance (Shillinglaw). This was first evident in Adam and Charles Trask, and then in Adam’s sons, AronRead MoreSetting in John Steinbeck ´s East of Eden1083 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Steinbeck’s, East of Eden, is set in the Salinas Valley, a secluded area of Northern California. The Salinas River runs through this beautiful, yet unforgiving land and provides ferti lity to the dry land. While the valley has a rich geographical history spanning from sea, to forest, and then to the present day valley, it is a difficult destination to find prosperity. Two dramatic mountain ranges form the landscape of the valley that the author uses to exemplify the idea of good and evil. ThisRead MoreThe Novel The Scarlet Letter And John Steinbeck s East Of Eden813 Words   |  4 Pagesthemselves, in addition to society and others. In short, â€Å"when someone lies, someone loses†(Ericsson 121); This is apparent in works such as Stephanie Ericsson’s essay â€Å"The Ways We Lie,† Nathaniel Hawthorne’s novel The Scarlet Letter, and John Steinbeck’s novel East of Eden. In order to illustrate the self-degradation in lying, Ericsson recalls a time when she lended money to a â€Å"friend.† By putting up a facade, he appeared to have â€Å"all the right looks, and the right words, and offered lots of new consciousnessRead MoreBiblical Allusion Of John Steinbeck s East Of Eden1249 Words   |  5 Pages Introduction: In the novel, East of Eden by John Steinbeck, biblical allusion is a literary device that references characteristics of judeo christian doctrine. Steinbeck alludes to the bible with his characters and setting in East of Eden. Salinas Valley and Adam Trask’s garden allude to the Garden of Eden. Steinbeck portrays the biblical allusion of the chapter Genesis from the bible throughout the book. The characters in the novel are allude to those in the book of Genesis. Steinbeck’s characters

Compare and contrast the internal policies of Mussolini...

Compare and contrast the internal policies of Mussolini and Stalin. Mussolini and Stalin were two of the most significant dictators of the 20th century. Both aimed to establish a totalitarian system but their different characters and circumstances in their respective countries resulted in two very different approaches in obtaining their goals. At the beginning of Mussolini s era, Mussolini was supported by the Liberals in parliament. With their help he introduced strict censorship and altered the methods of election so that in 1925-1926 he was able to assume dictatorial powers and dissolve all other political parties. Skilfully using his absolute control over the press, he gradually built up the legend of The Duce, a man who was†¦show more content†¦It was designed to industrialise the USSR in the shortest possible time and, in the process, to expedite the collectivisation of farms. The plan was ruthlessly applied and focused on heavy industries, in particular the development of iron and steel, machine-tools, electric power and transport. Stalin justified these measures when speaking in a statement made in 1931 by saying, We are 50-100 years behind the advanced countries. We must make good this distance in 10 years. Either we do it or we shall be crushed. (My essay Compare and contrast the economic policies of Len in and Stalin and evaluate their success) Finally, one has to discuss how Stalin and Mussolini influenced and changed the society of their country. Stalin s period was marked with fierce attacks against the Russian Orthodox Church, and all other religions. Churches were pillaged and priests killed. State education was fiercely anti-religious. Stalin s hate towards religion was based on Marx famous statement: Religion is the opium of the people. Further features of Stalinism include an emphasis on the family nuclear unit, and parents were encouraged, and forced to face up to their parental responsibilities. Another notable feature of the era was the total lack of regard and disrespect shown to the Russian intelligentsia, and many writers who did not conform to Stalinist ideologyShow MoreRelatedWas Hitler a Weak Dictator?4126 Words   |  17 PagesTim Mason, Hans Mommsen and Martin Broszat. Though structuralists do not deny the importance of Hitlers role, they tend to stress the fact that he exercised his power within certain structures that shaped, and in some ways placed limits upon, his policies. Some structuralists also argue that Hitler was indecisive, influenced by his cronies, and divorced from the day-to-day running of the Third Reich. Hans Mommsen even goes so far as to argue that Hitler was in some ways a ‘weak dictator. In orderRead MoreHistory HL Paper 3 Europe6131 Words   |  25 Pages16 marks] for structured analysis of the monarchy as cause and victim. [17+ marks] for balance, perception and perhaps different interpretations. –4– 2. M08/3/HISTX/HP3/ENG/TZ0/EU/M+ Assess the domestic policies of Napoleon I between 1799 and 1814. This question covers the domestic policies of Napoleon from First Consul to his defeat and exile in 1814, as many of his reforms were instituted before he became emperor. The main areas to assess are his legal codes, the Concordat with the Church, administrativeRead MorePaper Exam 2 History Ib9416 Words   |  38 Pagesindicate that the question is understood but not all implications considered. Knowledge is largely accurate. Critical commentary may be present. Events are generally placed in context and understanding of historical processes, such as comparison and contrast are present. There may be awareness of different approaches and interpretations but they are not based on relevant historical knowledge. There is a clear attempt at a structured approach. 13–15: Answers are clearly focused on the demands of the questionRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagescolonies after 1870 as a predictable culmination of the long nineteenth century, which was ushered in by the industrial and political revolutions of the late 1700s. But at the same time, without serious attention to the processes and misguided policies that led to decades of agrarian and industrial depression from the late 1860s to the 1890s, as well as the social tensions and political rivalries that generated and were in turn fed by imperialist expansionism, one cannot begin to comprehend the

Welcome speech for annual day Free Essays

Every morning when I put on my Head Girl badge, I am reminded of the responsibility, challenges and leadership I entail. Although Yr 12 is often described as hectic, for me it has been a year of great discoveries. Where I have learnt from positive and negative experiences, learnt about myself and my peers, and gained the acquired knowledge I will need to carry on for the beginning of my adult life. We will write a custom essay sample on Welcome speech for annual day or any similar topic only for you Order Now When I think of the Student Council team this year, I see a group of passionate young adults who can work together in making positive changes throughout the school. Their strength, enthusiasm and positivity has been refreshing and assisted us through the years’ hurdles. My experiences at Leeming Senior High School have shaped me into the Year 12 Student I am today and I thank the teachers, students and school for all they have contributed. â€Å"Ability is nothing without opportunity’ I have been given countless opportunities to enhance my leadership skills and workshop my passion for drama. I have attended various leadership camps such as the Sir Charles Court Leaders Program in 2009 and the Amanda Young Leaders Eco-Summit in 2010. Both these camps not only taught me how to develop my leadership qualities but also bring these skills out into the community, and especially our school. My involvement in the annual school productions, ‘Summer of the Aliens’ in 2009, ‘Ziggy’s Bar – A Cabaret’ in 2010 and this year’s ‘A Dream Deferred’; can be characterised by the words: magical, emotional and at times, life changing. IVe come to believe the truth is the most valuable gift you can share with other people. Who you are and what you do is priceless. Sharing my experiences and leadership with the rest of LSHS, the class of 2011 and eventually the rest of the world, has and is one of my goals. My stories. My truths. So that we may all come to understand each other a little better. So that we may all find our own definition of what it means to be successful. So that our generation will be prepared to lead. I leave you with one last quote from Nelson Mandela, â€Å"Sometimes it falls upon a generation to be great. You can be that generation. â€Å" How to cite Welcome speech for annual day, Papers

The Watergate Scandal and Richard M. Nixon free essay sample

Later I will discuss events surrounding the discovery of the tapes and the Issues Involved In trying to get tapes? And What the 18 1/1 minutes of silence was all about and also a personality and their involvement and I chose John Dean. On August 9, 1974 Richard M. Nixon was still the President of the United States. He was the first and only President who resigned office he turned in his A security guard by the name of Frank Willis alerted that there was a burglary of the Democratic Party National Committee on June 17, 1972.The irruption and scandal lead in Washington has taken a toll on the Senate, Vice- President and all parts of the Parties. The may not have never erupted. The investigation was heavily influenced by the media were by two reporters from the Washington post who really poured it on thick to make President Nixon look so guilty that it almost ruin him mentally as well as physically. We will write a custom essay sample on The Watergate Scandal and Richard M. Nixon or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Nixon was so frustrated with this that he had no other choice but to give up his right as the President.The one who took his place and that was the Vice-President and it was Gerald Ford, he redone Nixon and became the 38th President of the United States when Nixon resigned on August 9, 1974. He was the first Vice-President and President to ascend to both positions without being elected. John Dean literately accused Nixon of being part of the break in and he also testified that Nixon was guilty and wanted him to be impeached about the Watergate and then he also implicated many administrative officials including himself was in connection. Later John Dean was charged with obstruction of injustice and spent four months in prison. , truly feel that Nixon should have not been impeached.

Phenomenology and Hermeneutics Research Methodologies

Thesis Statement Phenomenology and Hermeneutics are concepts that are as ancient and central to Islamic perception of interpretation as they are handy in their explanation of what constitutes understanding of interpretation.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Phenomenology and Hermeneutics Research Methodologies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In delineating their central meanings therefore it is imperative to have methodologies that are extensive in their content acquisition and thorough in their clarity since phenomenology and hermeneutics are theories that are deeply seated in the concept of understanding and interpretation; concepts that are central to the previous and current philosophical perception of understanding. These are the discussions that inform the contents of this paper as the two theories are delved into, their explanation through the eyes of different authorities discussed and differences between them analyzed as well as discussing different hermeneutics methods used in Islam. Research Methodologies Academic work often requires the undertaking of research either scientific research or Historical research depending on the nature of research under consideration. The scientific research depends on experimentation to determine the answers to questions being researched. On the other hand the historical research depends on the past documented results in the quest to answer the research questions. The historical research may involve discussing originators of your ideas, the time frames, location and context of the idea and the new evidence you have gathered in a view to answer the research questions (Kà ¶chler 1997). According to Laverty (2003) many fields of academic research have used empirical or quantitative methods which heavily rely on accessible observable aspects. However the limitation of logical-empirical based research methods has contributed to the growth of qualitati ve research methodologies (Laverty 2003). The emphasis on empirical based research was on ‘discovery, description and meaning’ (Stanford University 2003). This was sharply contrasting to the emerging research needs such as ‘prediction, control and measurement’ (Laverty 2003). It is this context that has seen use of several methodologies such as phenomenology and hermeneutic phenomenology among others.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition to this, research methodologies for papers that are involved with collection of data from which conclusions are drawn usually divides them into primary data and secondary data. Each research objective therefore utilizes varying proportions of each form of data (Mantzavinos 2001). Kà ¶chler (1997) states that a descriptive survey approach is used to study, describe, explore and analyze relationships among geographicall y gathered subjects. Thus a survey was the most appropriate method to capture and compare the characteristics of small businesses in Dubai. In the selfsame way, a research paper may adopt a quantitative approach, as economic parameters can be assessed using empirical data (Kà ¶chler 1997). Therefore a quantitative approach is best suited to meeting the research objectives, as it aims at gathering, analyzing and measuring data from a large sample to test the relation between different variables. Stratified and simple random sampling procedures can be used in selecting the study sample. Stratified random sampling also ensures subgroups in the population were proportionally represented while simple random sampling was used to select respondents within the subgroups entirely on the basis of chance. Primary and secondary data are usually also collected and primary data can be collected by questionnaires, which may include structured and unstructured questions, and interviews, which are used to collect data immediately. Secondary data can be collected through a review of published and unpublished materials, such as articles, seminar papers, government policy papers, conference proceedings, business journals, textbooks, statistical abstracts, newspapers and periodicals. Secondary sources are useful as the suggestions of different authors on the research topic could be adopted and/or modified to recommend the way forward for the topic of interest. Upon completion of collection of data using the above methodologies, the main data obtained is coded into some analyzing software such as SPSS statistical software which is used for analyzing the data so as to present it more clearly and make conclusions and inferences (Mantzavinos 2001).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Phenomenology and Hermeneutics Research Methodologies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Phenomenology and Hermeneutics Hermeneutics can also be defined simply as the theory of understanding or interpretation. As will be indicated later on in the paper, according to Stanford University (2003) phenomenology has been defined as the study of structure of conscious experiences from a subjective first person perspective within relevant enabling conditions. There were several factors that contributed to the general understanding of the theories some which are captured below: Identification of tradition – it was the Aristotelian rhetorical tradition that set the foundation of the understanding of these theories and in modern times, Clavis Scripturae Sacrae of Flacius Matthias’ (1657) has been credited with laying the foundational understanding of the concept of interpretation. In his book, Matthias argued for instance that when the understanding of scripture was hard, teaching was the approach that was taken to resolve the standoff and not merely ecclesial pronouncement (Mantzavinos 2001). Classical Philology – renaissance was a concept that drew a lot of attention to discovery of classical texts. With these discoveries, it was imperative to read whatever fragments that had been obtained and try to make meaning of them which heavily depended on proper understanding of the tenets of interpretation (Mantzavinos 2001). Jurisprudence – this was mostly overt during the 533 BC attempt to harmonize judicial systems of the early world mainly the Roman’s Code of Justinian. This attempt let to the need of there being proper understanding of what interpretation really constituted (Mantzavinos 2001). Philosophy – the concept of hermeneutics specifically was greatly introduced into human philosophical understanding and argument when philosophy had a glimpse into human experience. It was created at a time when there was a bloom in the search of knowledge and understanding and many scholars derived and invented theories to explain different human phenomena.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This spree to understanding brought a lot of jostling and argument which then necessitated the need to have a generalized way of interpretation of the many theories and philosophies that were being surmised (Mantzavinos 2001). According to Stanford University (2003) phenomenology has been defined as the study of structure of conscious experiences from a subjective first person perspective within relevant enabling conditions. A conscious experience is thought to be two pronged consisting of an object and a subject (Mantzavinos 2001). The object acts on a subject. It emphasizes on the appearance of things in our conscious or experiences. Conscious experiences are determined by the ability to be aware of the experiences. They can either be passive experiences or active experiences. Critical to these subjective experiences is the aspect of intentionality of the experiences in their direction towards an object (Stanford University 2003). The key elements of phenomenology include the subj ective first-person perspective of the experiences, the consciousness of those experiences and the intentionality of the experiences (Stanford 2003). Franz Brentano one of the most prominent phenomenologist conceptualized phenomenology in distinguishing mental awareness from non-mental awareness. In this context intentionality of the conscious experiences is the hallmark of mental awareness. The intentionality of the conscious experiences contextualized in reflective analysis may involve temporal awareness, spatial awareness, self-awareness, awareness of self in different roles among other reflective analysis awareness (Stanford University, 2003). There are conditions that nurture the intentionality of the conscious experiences such as social cultural background, language, among others (Stanford University 2003). In the context of human sciences research phenomenology distinguishes appearances from essence (Phenomenology online 2010). It attaches importance to the nature and meaning of something thus deviating from empirical observations (Phenomenology online 2010). It replaces the theoretical empirical observations with the conscious experiences from the subjective first person perspective. Hermeneutics can be defined as the theory, art and practice of interpretation of texts with a view of understanding them (Phenomenology online 2010). Hermeneutics is widely used in the study of religious and classical texts where there maybe misunderstanding. The interpretation of text was considered in three ways. â€Å"The hermeneutic of the letter involved the grammatical interpretation of the text while the interpretation of the subject matter of the text is referred to as the hermeneutic of the sense† (Phenomenology online 2010, p.1). The hermeneutic of the spirit considers the context in which the author wrote the text. On the other hand Hermeneutic phenomenology encompasses both the hermeneutic methodology and the phenomenology methodology. This methodology i nterprets the experiences. Examination prominent phenomenology viewpoints Wilhelm Dilthey Wilhelm Dilthey considered the understanding of a text as an understanding of the expression of lived experience (Phenomenology online 2010). He reject the linguisticality hypothesis that separated the linguistic aspects of humanity from its understanding and interpretation. He held the notions that the expression of linguistic aspects of humanity that is speaking and hearing or writing and reading is a continuous process with the understanding and interpretation of the subject of the linguistic expressions. The expression and the understanding takes place simultaneously. Hans-Georg Gadamer Hans-Georg Gadamer views the interpretation and the meaning of a text as inseparable. He further argues that understanding of a text is achieved from a specific interpretation of a text. The language is considered as a medium in which understanding occurs and as such they are intertwined. Gadamer attached gr eat importance to the conditions that may affect the interpretation of a given text such as social cultural background (Laverty 2003). Interpretation is seen as bridging the gap between the meaning of the text and the expectation of the interpreter in relation to the text. He advocates for the questioning of the meaning of the text in coming with different interpretation in a process that one may be detached from the author’s intended message. He views understanding a text to be more than reconstructing the author’s thoughts but a process that one must relate with his own experiences (Laverty 2003). The interpretation of the text is done from three dimensions; historical, philological –literary and dogmatic dimensions. The philological dimension may involve the provisions of language structure while the dogmatic dimensions may involve coming up with a new interpretation of the text. Paul Ricoeur Paul Ricoeur is widely credited with linking of the Hermeneutics an d phenomenology methodologies. Paul Ricoeur’s thoughts are captured in some of his works such as ‘The conflicts of interpretation’, ‘Interpretation theory’ and ‘Interpretation and ideologies’. The similarities and differences between Hermeneutics and Phenomenology Both the phenomenology and hermeneutic phenomenology are derivatives of Germany philosophy intended to overcome the limitations of empirical scientific research (Laverty 2003). The two methodologies question the scientific view of the world from a Cartesian dualism perspective which split the body from the mind. Both view the body and mind as one whole. Differences between the phenomenology and hermeneutics occur in epistemological, methodological and ontological perspectives. Phenomenology examines the correlation of the knower and study object (Masson 2008). The hermeneutics on the other hand focuses on the nature of reality of the subject matter. While the phenomenology prov ides for bracketing that is the separation of an individual from the experiences he undergoes hermeneutics doesn’t make this distinction (Peirce 1958). The differences in the phenomenological and hermeneutics as research methodologies are several. Phenomenological research describes the meaning of the experiences while hermeneutics traces the development of the effects of the experiences on human from a historical perspective (Laverty 2003).It interprets the historical meaning of the experiences while the phenomenological research describes it. The phenomenology research is foundationalist in nature as it seeks interpretation of text independent of the interpreter’s social cultural position while the hermeneutic research takes this position into play (Laverty 2003). Hermeneutics methods in Islamic studies Al-Ghazali developed rules of reading the Quran that would enhance the interpretation of text and hence its understanding (Kamal 2004). The study of Islamic hermeneut ics is contextualized in two forms. The first school of thought holds that Quran can be independently read without the aid of previous interpretations by different scholars while the second school of though holds the contra (Kamal 2004). The author of a revealed sacred book such as Quran is devoid of historical, space and time conditions which contrast’s to the reader who is bound by these conditions (Kamal 2004). The holy Quran gives conditions of which it must read by specifying that the believer must be clean. In warning against contravention of this rule it may induce fear (Kamal 2004). Other conditions imposed in the reading of the Quran is the Prophet Muhammad’s traditions, conditions in the Quran itself and the opinions of the early generations of Muslims (Kamal 2004). Kamal (2004) examines on whether these conditions do affect the hermeneutics of which the Quran is considered as opposed to any other ordinary text. Several factors influenced Al-Ghazali in his de velopment of the standard rules of reading Quran including the scholar’s of his time, Islam dogmatic doctrines and rational (Masson 2008). He examined every doctrine available rejecting those he found inadequate forming a ground new ways of treating the subject matter. He faced epistemological challenges in his treatment of empirical aspects of his work. He rejected rationalism and considered reason insufficient in the understanding of the meaning of Quran (Kamal 2004). It is in this context that he considered God as ‘primarily will rather than logos (Knowledge)’ (Kamal 2004). According to Kamal (2004) Al-Ghazali’s hermeneutic position can be perceived in the following ways. In the understanding of the Quran the hermeneutic is devoid of any preconceptions and rules and gives provision for both explicit and implicit meaning of the text. â€Å"It also allows for emotional adjustments to the reading of the Quran as well as mystical aspect in the interpretati on of the Quran† (Kamal 2004, p. 41). Al-Ghazali set several conditions for the proper understanding of the Quran. He advocates the reading of the Quran free from the external influences such as religious commentaries, and religious school’s dogmas and commonly held interpretation of the verses. He also advocates the freeing of the mind and body from sin and worldly possession desires (Kamal 2004). According to Kamal (2004) the interpretation of the Quran is tied to five different levels of awareness or existence. These include sensory, analogical, essential, mental and imaginative. These five dimensions are critical in the textual interpretation and consequently understanding of the Quran according to Al-Ghazali (Kamal 2004). The essential existence refers to the existence that is beyond humanly understanding of which he can only relate to in form of images. These may include concepts that may not be understood or reasoned out but must be accepted as they are presented in the Quran (Kamal 2004). The sensory existence on the other hand is the existence in the dreamland. According to Kamal (2004) the imaginative existence involves the mental imagery of an object which is not in the vicinity of the sensory jurisdiction. The mental existence functionalizes the object (Mantzavinos 2001). Relationship between humanities and sciences The philosophy discipline is one of the humanities that try to bridge the gap between humanities and sciences (Priel 2010). Philosophers has used scientific methods in the arguments. In the context of the relationships between the humanities and sciences there have been two commonly held perceptions. There is the Naturalism viewpoint which holds that both the natural sciences and social sciences are similar in their methodological use. On the other hand the Anti Naturalism holds the view that the social sciences have distinguishing properties from the natural sciences. There have been several debates on whether the scientif ic methods in natural sciences may be used in social sciences. While some scholars argue that scientific methods can be used in social sciences other argue that it is necessary to use the scientific methods for social sciences (Priel 2010). The challenges of using scientific methods for social sciences are many. It has been observed that various natural sciences employ different methodologies for the treatment of empirical observations. It therefore follows that for the use of scientific methodologies for social sciences there must be some level of generality in the methods free from the specifics of individual natural sciences disciplines (Priel 2010). The minimum but not sufficient conditions of a scientific inquiry include a criterion for empirical testing, the logical steps for the empirical testing and the open door policy to criticism and evaluation. However there are other aspects of scientific studies that vary between disciplines. This may include explanations of observed e mpirical results, the qualitative methods, the use of predictions and the logical reasoning in arriving at a decision. These kinds of differences in natural sciences methodologies have given rise to two school of thoughts; positivists and antipositivist philosophers. Positivists hold the view that the scientific method that is the various techniques of observing phenomena with a view of obtaining knowledge is the best way of obtaining knowledge in both social and natural sciences. In this context the scientific method is seen to replace the metaphysical way of obtaining knowledge. According to Priel (2010) there are four critical elements in the conceptualization of positivists view. These include Anti-historicism, scientism, materialism, and a minimal language analysis in the understanding of text. Scientism occupies itself with the observance of scientific methods in the attainment of knowledge. While the scientific methods may vary from one scientific disciplines the common denom inator is the detachment of the researcher from the phenomenon under consideration. On the other hand materialism holds the belief the world is composed of physical elements. The positivists reject the notion of understanding of things from a historical perspective. They also downplay the role of language analysis in the understanding of things. Positivist always advocate for the breaking of the phenomena into different components in order to enhance their understanding (Jones 2000). In summary on the other hand, the antipositivists are seen to reject at least one of the following four notions (Priel 2010). Holism; this view holds that the human actions are understood from cultural context. Internal understanding; this understanding is not dependent of the external observations of an objects but it depends on the meaning attached to it. Historicism; this attempt to understand phenomena from its historical development. The role of language analysis in the understanding of the phenom ena is seen to be very critical (Jones 2000). References Jones, L., 2000. Hermeneutical Calisthenics: A Morphology of Ritual-Architectural Priorities. Cambridge Mass: Harvard University Press. Kamal, M., 2004. Al-Ghazali’s Hermeneutics and Phenomenology. Web. Kà ¶chler, H., 1997. Philosophical Foundations of Civilizational Dialogue: The Hermeneutics of Cultural Self-comprehension versus the Paradigm of Civilizational Conflict. International Seminar on Civilizational Dialogue, 2(1), pp.12-33. Laverty, S., 2003. Hermeneutic Phenomenology and Phenomenology: A comparison of historical and methodological considerations. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 2(3), pp.12-34. Mantzavinos, C., 2001. Naturalistic Hermeneutics. Cambridge: University Press. Masson, S., 2008. The Hermeneutic Circle. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Peirce, C., 1958. Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, vols. 1–6: Charles Hartshorne and Paul Weiss (eds.). Cambridge, MA: Harv ard University Press. Phenomenology Online, 2010. Web. Priel, D., 2010. Jurisprudence between science and the humanities. Web. Stanford University, 2003, Phenomenology. Web. This essay on Phenomenology and Hermeneutics Research Methodologies was written and submitted by user Dark Wasp to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Multicultural Awareness Paper Essays - Psychotherapy, Free Essays

Multicultural Awareness Paper Essays - Psychotherapy, Free Essays Multicultural Awareness Paper Joan Lesley, Will Darden, Susan Scott, Sarah Pherigo, Laura Rubio BSHS/335 March 30, 2015 Stephanie Chupein Multicultural Awareness Paper As a therapist becomes aware of clients values and beliefs, they have to consider their sets of values and beliefs as well. Good ethical practice begins when a therapist can respect the way others view life, although it differs from the others view. The therapist has to accept the variation of culturally learned assumptions in order to establish an effective therapeutic relationship. If a therapist chooses to practice good ethics, they must become aware of the personal issues of clients in diverse cultures if they want to be effective in their work. Therapists have to learn as much about diversity of cultures so they can build a relationship where the client feels comfortable enough. The client may want to open up and begin working on deep rooted issues which some of those issues may have come from the beliefs, values and system of their culture. References: Schneider, C., Callanan, P., & Corey, G. (2011). Issues and Ethics in the Helping Professions (8th ed.). Retrieved from 9780495812418.

Report Lab Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Lab Report Example in feeding as it has different mouth parts and mainly feeds on nutrients whereas the adult is specialized in the process of reproduction and dispersal. The type of food consumed between the larva and the adult is entirely different, and this, therefore, enhances their survival. The adult has the secondary characteristics of flying, walking and crawling and therefore even the type of diet it consumes is entirely different from the larva (Kay 3). The organism had both the crypsis and aposematism coloration as a defense mechanism. In crypsis, as exemplified by Kay, 1969, the camouflaging is as a result of the background as was evidenced in the experiment. The phenotypic aspect of the organism in terms of behavioral change in the environment must come into play before coloration occurs. The aposematism effect referred to as warning coloration was observed when there was a striking contrast in terms of background color. The organism died after a period of two weeks as a result of exposure to direct heat from the sun. This in turn led to the destruction of the newly formed chitin that could have provided the protection of the internal organs. The presence of chitin is vital in the life of the organism as this feature offers protection and helps in reproduction through molting process (Kay 5). The death of the organism may result due to different reasons. For instance, improper feeding or harsh environmental conditions minimizes their chances of